Robotic workers—aka, robotic process automation, or RPA—automate tedious and repetitive tasks at banks, but an executive at Nordea says the indirect costs of licensing bots for interactions with third-party software could outweigh the efficiencies they bring.

Agnieszka Belowska-Goslawska, head of the Robotics Center of Excellence at Nordea, says that software providers now treat digital employees as a separate category to human workers in their policies. She says she started noticing the trend